不同堆肥方式对氮素转化规律的影响

研究了甘蔗叶与牛粪混合物不同堆肥方式对氮素转化规律的影响。将甘蔗叶与新鲜的牛粪以1∶3的质量比充分混合,在同样的外界条件下,采用密闭容器强制通风法和翻堆法两种好氧发酵法进行堆肥。结果表明,翻堆堆肥相比于通风堆肥:温度高2.1~5.2℃,有机质降解率高28.25%,最终含水率高8.08%,最终pH值高0.12。这些因素的不同导致通风堆肥的硝态氮高出翻堆堆肥23~165mg·kg-1;氨氮含量前13d通风堆肥高出翻堆堆肥48~1 017mg·kg-1,后期翻堆堆肥高出1~42mg·kg-1;亚硝态氮含量前9d翻堆堆肥高出通风堆肥285~425mg·kg-1,后期通风堆肥高出41~118mg·kg-1。表明,两种不同堆肥方式中氮素的转化规律不同,翻堆堆肥更有利于促进氮素转化。     

桦甸油页岩自热干馏

对油页岩干馏过程中能量输入过高的问题,研究了油页岩含氧低温载气干馏过程(N2-Air-R)。N2-Air-R过程是在氮气气氛下通过外加热将油页岩加热至一定温度,然后停止外加热并将氮气替代为150℃的空气,此后油页岩自热升温,不需外加热便可完成干馏。研究表明外加热到300℃时通入空气能达到最好的干馏效果。将N2-Air-R过程与其他两种干馏过程进行了比较:全程在空气气氛下采用外加热将温度加热到干馏终温550℃(Air-R);全程在氮气气氛下采用外加热将温度加热到干馏终温550℃(N2-R)。结果表明,N2-Air-R过程与其他干馏过程得到的页岩油成分相似,均为碳氢化合物,且沸程相近。最后通过研究三种干馏过程中半焦结构随温度的变化,讨论了N2-Air-R干馏过程与其他过程不同的原因。     

Features of a control blade degradation observed in situ during severe accident conditions in boiling water reactors

In the present paper, new results using in situ video are presented regarding boiling water reactor (BWR) control blade degradation up to 1750 K at the beginning of a nuclear severe accident. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) mapping indicated stratification of the absorber blade melt with formation of a chromium and boride-enriched layer. High-content-B- and C-containing material with increased melting temperature acted like a shielding and was found to prevent further relocation of control blade claddings. The interacted layers around the B₄C-granules prevented direct steam attack of residual B₄C. The results provide new insights for understanding of the absorber blade degradation mechanism under reducing conditions specific to Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 2 resulting from prolonged steam starvation.     

THE CONTROL OF STARVATION

A generalized discussion of the anomaly of starvation is presented. Starvation is defined to be an infinite or unbounded delay, and classified in terms of its cause and the methods used for its control. A model and a set of control mechanisms are developed. The model, appropriate for various buffered and unbuffered resource systems, allows an ordering of requests by time and by stages of their lifetimes. We investigate the behavior and control of requests during starvation and during various anomalies of conflict.     

Transformation and performance of granular sequence batch reactor under conventional organic loading rate condition

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the transformation and performance of a granular sequence batch reactor（SBR） under the conventional organic loading rate（OLR） condition.Aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in a SBR by means of alternative feeding load combined with reducing settling time after 60 d operational period.Subsequently,the black fungal granules were presented in reactor because of the filamentous overgrowth on the surface of aerobic granules.A small amount of fungal granules had no effect on the performance of granular SBR.Aerobic granules completely vanished and fungal granules eventually became the dominant species in subsequent 90 d operation after granulation.The three-dimensional excitation emission matrix（EEM） spectra result shows that the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） component in both granules has no much difference,whereas the content of EPS in fungal granules is higher than that in bacterial granules.Due to their low bioactivity,the chemical oxidation demand（COD） and NH4-N removal efficiencies gradually decrease from 90.4%–96.5% and 99.5% to 71.8% and 32.9% respectively while the fungal granules become dominant in the SBR.     

通风量对菇渣好氧发酵温度时空特性的影响

采用不同通风量进行菇渣与猪粪高温共发酵,研究通风对发酵过程中堆体温度的时空变化的影响。结果表明,通风使堆体温度呈现出明显的梯度效应,不同处理各发酵时期的温度分布均由剖面中部向四周不断降低。高温区域的位置和面积随发酵时间呈动态变化规律,升温期温度在发酵罐中上部积聚,高温分布区类似椭圆形,高温期椭圆面积逐渐向堆体中部扩散和扩大,随后高温面积不断递减并向中下部迁移,降温期堆体各区域温度趋于一致。由等值线的疏密程度可知,温度的空间变异性大体呈现出高温期>第2次高温期>升温期>降温期的规律。结合试验各阶段的温度变化并考虑节能降耗,得出发酵升温期和高温期分别以0.05,0.067m3/(d·m3)进行通风,二次高温期与降温期以0.033 m3/(d·m3)进行通风条件最佳。     

Detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in groundwater in the Yaoundé region (Cameroon,Central Africa)

This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, relative to the total count of E. coli, faecal coliforms and other heterotrophic mesophilic aerobic bacteria (HMAB) isolated in groundwater in the equatorial region of Cameroon (Central Africa). Bacteria were isolated using standard methods. Pathogenic E. coli strains were then identified using haemagglutination and antisera tests. The maximum abundance of HMAB, faecal coliforms and E. coli strains were 4.9 × 10⁶, 5.6 × 10³ and 1 × 10³ colony‐forming units (CFU)/100 mL, respectively. The count of pathogenic E. coli strains reached 3 CFU/100 mL. The counts of commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains underwent temporal and spatial fluctuations. In 21% of sampling sites, the abundance of faecal coliforms was significantly correlated to that of E. coli (P < 0.05). However, the isolated bacterial count was not significantly correlated to that of the pathogenic E. coli strains (P > 0.05). The bacteria abundance dynamics may be impacted by many interacting factors.     

The effects of reduction of the deposited waste on short‐term landfill leachate composition of a landfill: a case study in Norway

Municipal solid waste landfill leachate was sampled over from a landfill receiving varying amounts of municipal solid waste. The investigation aimed to provide information on expected leachate changes in the short term, either after closure of an active landfill, or after a strong decline in the amount of waste deposited at smaller landfills. It was found that during a two year period following a sudden decline in the amount of waste deposited, the levels of various chemical and physical parameters all dropped sharply. The reasons for the decline in discharge levels are thought to be aerobic decomposition taking place in the municipal solid waste just after landfilling, and thus the decline in the impact of this process when there were less fresh waste masses available, and formation of preferential flow paths for the leachate as the municipal solid waste stabilized in the landfill.